It contains 1,100 genes, or about five percent of the human genome, along with information that may help to improve the diagnosis of illnesses ranging from haemophilia, blindness and autism to obesity and leukaemia.

The discovery, by an international consortium of scientists, shows that females are far more variable than previously thought and, when it comes to genes, more complex than men.

"The X chromosome is definitely the most extraordinary in the human genome in terms of its inheritance pattern, its unique biology ... and in terms of its association with human disease," said Dr Mark Ross, of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Britain which led the consortium.

WHY THE DIFFERENCE?

Chromosomes, which are found in the nucleus of every cell, contain genes that determine the characteristics of an individual. Women have two X chromosomes while men have an X and a Y, which gives them their male features.

The research, which is reported in the science journal Nature, shows the Y is an eroded version of the X chromosome with only a few genes. The X chromosome is also bigger than the Y and because females have two copies, one X chromosome is largely switched off or inactivated.

But not all of the genes on the silenced chromosome are inactivated, which could explain some of the differences between men and women, according to Laura Carrel, of Penn State College of Medicine in Pennsylvania who also reported her findings in the journal.

The X inactivation also varies widely among women.

"The effects of these genes from the inactive X chromosome could explain some of the differences between men and women that aren't attributable to sex hormones," she said in a statement.

Genetic mutations and diseases such as colour blindness, autism and haemophilia that are linked to the X chromosome tend to affect males because they do not have another X to compensate for the faults.

The X chromosome is also home to many genes linked to mental retardation and to the largest gene, called DMD, in the human genome. Mutations in DMD cause Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, a disabling and fatal disease in men.

"There are a disproportionate number of known diseases mapped to the X chromosome," said Dr David Bentley, of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

"In seeing what goes wrong, we can begin to understand the biological processes of the normal body much better," he added.

quote:

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Originally posted by shaggybear:
and here I thought you were deconstructing xy.

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The X chromosome is also home to many genes linked to mental retardation, sometimes masquerading as a pompous attention seeking know it all.......alias in this case Xy.

(Now we all know why the X is capitalized and the Y is not)

quote:

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Originally posted by Princess:
Me too!

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quote:

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Originally posted by mobydick:
The X chromosome is also home to many genes linked to mental retardation, sometimes masquerading as a pompous attention seeking know it all.......alias in this case Xy.

(Now we all know why the X is capitalized and the Y is not)

[This message has been edited by mobydick (edited 03-17-2005).]

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____________________________________

What a wonderful opportunity to use these guinea pigs: Moby DICK, Shabby boy, and Princess of Nuffness Football Wannabee, as perfect examples of slow concrete thinkers, that view the world from an arrested cognitive development mindset that lacks the capacity to develop.

Their endorsement of an XY chromosome article genuine in itself, and extrapolate meaning of scientific Nomenclature symbols XY as a universal language to describe narrowly the meaning of XY and somehow associate this with an individual serves as a classic examples of this cognitive underdevelopment and pointedly evidences examples of a concrete thinking mindset.

They evidence the lack of ability (consistent with cognitive underdevelopment) to associate beyond the ‘see spot run concept’; so by explaining to them that XY is symbolic and universal to all discipline to indicate scientific inquiry as often used in research, maybe beyond their level of understanding; hence, the evidence of this type of thinking 'illogic' will become obvious by their line of reasoning as they continue to post in this forum and substantiated by their archival history in the RBZ forum.

Concrete vs Abstract Thinkers or variations thereof.

Scientific symbol as in the word ‘Nomenclature’ is often symbolized by alphabetic codes X(x)/Y(y), regardless of academic discipline.

Xy represents a classification or taxonomy and is used to indicate ‘the unknown’ under principles of general scientific convention.

This form of scientific symbolism maybe confused by different classification of people specifically X’s and Y’s.

X represents the abstract logic thinkers and Y represents the concrete thinkers, and Xy combination represents a hybrid.

Excerpts from Cognitive Psychologist on this type of mindset:

"In Concrete Operations, people deal with dualities. Either things are black or they are white good or bad right or wrong they exhibit no ability to associate across reasoning. In addition, this level gives them the ability to understand the world according to our own experiences. if you want a concrete thinker to understand what you mean, you must be explicit going so far as to draw pictures with words, so to speak. In other words, you must be specific. Most people achieve this level by the time they are twelve. Otherwise they are good at learning by drawing or you have to break it down to them in a ‘see spot run concept’

Yes, sometimes abstract thinkers wonder why people concrete thinkers don't seem to "get" what we are talking about or what we are trying to explain to them. Or, despite our best attempts to be helpful, our efforts are rewarded with the response, "You just don't understand." [Evidence by Princess of Nuffness Football Wannabee statement under the Thread ‘Professional League.]

If we take a look at bridges, we observe that there are several basic types -- magnificent arch bridges (such as perhaps traversing a large, deep valley), relatively simple flat structures that sit atop concrete pillars or abutments (such as a road or railroad track crossing a highway), and large, complicated steel-girdered structures with multiple internal vertical and angled bracing (such as railroads crossing large rivers).
Each type of bridge, because of its particular type of basic structure, distributes the load in a way that is essentially different from how the other types of bridges do the job.
Different people's brains are wired differently. At a fundamental level, we can divide people into concrete thinkers versus abstract thinkers. This can be likened to two basic styles of brain architecture or circuitry structure. It's how the person's brain is built. The flow of information is different for each type. The distribution of the information load is different for each type. Regardless of how HARD YOU MAY TRY, you can't take a concrete thinker and make an abstract thinker out of him or her, nor vice versa. Let's take a closer look at each of these two types, because the process of problem-solving operates differently in each.

The abstract thinker's brain tends to be imaginative and expansive, approaching matters from an overview, or large-picture perspective. When trying to understand something or when trying to solve a problem, the abstract thinker automatically seeks to identify the essence, or core aspect. "What's it really all about?" is the defining question for the abstract thinker. Details are of secondary importance. In fact, too many details can make an abstract thinker impatient; rather than get bogged down with the details, the goal is to get to the heart of the matter.
Once the core issue, or heart of the matter, has been identified, the abstract thinker then tackles the pieces, examining in more detail how they all fit together and figuring out what to do. Another way of stating this is that the abstract thinker likes to start with the whole, then work his or her way through the parts. When solving a problem or dealing with a situation, the abstract thinker uses a form of reasoning that is deductive in style. Once the essence (i.e., the "big picture") is understood, certain things will logically flow or can be logically inferred or deduced.

The concrete thinker's brain [Mobile Dick, Shabby boy, and Princess Nuffness]
operates differently. The architecture and circuitry of the concrete thinker's brain are designed for practicality as in their interpretation of the Nomenclature XY scientific symbol exclusively means the human genome project man and woman. The strength of the concrete thinker lies in his or her ability to focus in small detail upon the pieces. As opposed to the more intuitive, insight-oriented, "overview" approach of the abstract thinker, the concrete thinker tends to examine component pieces one at a time and draw premature conclusions, from there, finding a problem in a particular piece, the concrete thinker may focus upon that piece in relative isolation from the other pieces, seeking to find a specific solution. Whereas the abstract thinker automatically tends to take a systemic approach, this is not the natural inclination of the concrete thinker. Instead, the concrete thinker utilizes more of a sequential, step-by-step approach, gradually assembling the component elements together into a whole.

An abstract thinker breaks down the whole into its parts; a concrete thinker starts with the parts and works toward the whole and generalizes.

In some instances, being able to integrate all of the pieces to attain a full vision of the whole, i.e., getting the overview or "big picture," can prove ELUSIVE AND FRUSTRATING FOR THE CONCRETE THINKERS (Moby Dick, Shabby boy and Her Royal Princess Nuffness). He or she may not see the relevance or importance of some of the pieces, or may have difficulty making logical inferences about relationships among the pieces. For example, if A relates to B, and B relates to C, the possibility of a significant relationship between A and C may not be readily apparent".
_______________________

Dem think its the end but its just the begining. You will be able to see yourself clearly in an evaluation tool in the future.

Profile:

Bears are famous for running up trees and walking into snares, a really dumb animal, much less a person that refers to themself as a shabby bear.

People that refer to themself as Princess are usually overcompensating for low achievement and low self esteem. As a matter of fact we know what these type of females do in male atheletic environment a Yaad.

Moby Dick, speaks for 'itself' but since she presents as a woman with a Dick then you know what that means-strap on version.

Xy....Yuh drap yuh dress again.

Tell me this, what is your thesis? Is it something that goes to show your comedic talents. Your diatribe littered with plagiarised sentences galore have me laughing non-stop. Not only is your credibility invisible but your love of self is beyond anything I have ever seen.

Thks for adding to my source of amusement nonetheless.

Welcome back!!

Alternative titles; symbols

SWYER SYNDROME
TESTIS-DETERMINING FACTOR, X-CHROMOSOMAL, INCLUDED; TDFX, INCLUDED
SEX-REVERSING LOCUS ON X, INCLUDED; SRVX, INCLUDED
Gene map locus Xp22.11-p21.2

TEXT

DESCRIPTION

Gonadal dysgenesis, XY female type, is associated with point mutations or deletions of the SRY gene (480000), but also in some cases with changes in the X chromosome.

At birth the patients with the XY female type of gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer syndrome) appear to be normal females; however, they do not develop secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, do not menstruate, and have 'streak gonads.' They are chromatin negative and have a 46,XY karyotype.

CLINICAL FEATURES

Affected sisters were reported by Cohen and Shaw (1965), and twins by Frasier et al. (1964). Sternberg et al. (1968) observed 3 cases, each in a different sibship of a family connected through normal females (proposita, maternal cousin, and maternal aunt). A high incidence of neoplasia (gonadoblastomas and germinomas) in streak gonads of patients with the XY karyotype was claimed by Taylor et al. (1966).

Patients are of normal stature and have no somatic stigmata of Turner syndrome except, of course, the lack of secondary sexual characteristics and streak gonads. In this condition, as in the testicular feminization syndrome (300068), it was at first unclear whether the gene that was responsible was on the X chromosome or on an autosome and expressed only in chromosomal males. Whether the abnormal gene directly suppresses testis-determining loci on the chromosome or blocks some early stage of testicular morphogenesis was also unknown. The sisters reported by Cohen and Shaw (1965) had a marker autosome, which was present also in the mother. They referred to another instance of XY 'sisters' with an abnormal autosome. One of their 2 patients had gonadoblastoma.

Two sisters reported by Fine et al. (1962) were of normal stature but were chromatin negative. One of these cases and 1 of those reported by Baron et al. (1962) had gonadoblastoma. In the last family, 2 'females' and a male were affected, the male showing no testes. All 3 sibs were sex-chromatin negative. Barr et al. (1967) reported on a sibship containing 2 genetic males. The first, who had male pseudohermaphroditism, was reared as a female; he developed signs of masculinization at puberty and had undescended but otherwise normal testes and small fallopian tubes. The second genetic male (180 cm tall) had pure gonadal dysgenesis with small uterus and streak gonads. This patient was at first thought to have the testicular feminization syndrome. An unaffected sister had a son with perineal hypospadias (urethral orifice at the base of the penis). The sibship reported by Chemke et al. (1970) was similar to that of Barr et al. (1967). Espiner et al. (1970) described 5 XY females in 3 sibships of 2 generations. They emphasized that the affected persons were unusually tall for females. The height of patients with XY gonadal dysgenesis (unusually great for females) is probably explained by androgen production in the streak gonad (Rose et al., 1974). Clitoromegaly is present in some cases.

Rushton (1979) pointed out that the streak gonads of this disorder differ from those of the 45,X Turner syndrome in the presence of calcification and the increased hazard of gonadoblastoma. Comparative studies of the frequency of gonadoblastoma in Turner mosaics with normal or rearranged Y chromosomes have suggested that the integrity of the Y chromosome, and in particular the presence of the distal fluorescent band Yqh, is required in these mosaics for the tumor to develop; no cases with distal deletions of the fluorescent band on Yq had been reported (Lukusa et al., 1986).

Moreira-Filho et al. (1979) suggested that there are 3 forms of Swyer syndrome (defined as streak gonads without other somatic features of the Turner syndrome and with a normal 46,XY karyotype). (1) Sporadic testicular agenesis syndrome (STAS) corresponds to H-Y negative Swyer syndrome. (2) Familial testicular agenesis syndrome (FTAS) is H-Y negative Swyer syndrome showing an X-linked recessive pedigree pattern. The mutation is probably homologous to that of the wood lemming. The phenotype of STAS and FTAS is identical even though the mutation is probably on the Y in STAS and on the X in FTAS. (3) In familial testicular dysgenesis syndrome (FTDS), the patients are H-Y positive and have a female phenotype and streak gonads; the streak gonads may contain testis-like tumoral structures. (See report of 3 sisters by Moreira-Filho et al. (1979) and cases of Wolf (1979).) The XY gonadal agenesis syndrome is a separate disorder (see 273250).

Passarge and Wolf (1981) pointed out that there are 2 groups of patients with XY gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer syndrome) and that each of these may be heterogeneous. One group is the H-Y antigen-positive form, which may represent a 'receptor disease.' The second is the H-Y antigen-negative form, which may be due to mutation in the H-Y generating system, either of the structural gene (presumably autosomal) or of a controlling gene (on the sex chromosomes). It may be only the H-Y antigen-positive cases that are at risk for gonadoblastoma or dysgerminoma.

See 233300 for discussion of the XX type of gonadal dysgenesis.

INHERITANCE

Simpson et al. (1981) reported 3 pedigrees of XY gonadal dysgenesis consistent with X-linked inheritance.

German et al. (1978) suggested that there is a gene on the X chromosome that blocks the testis-determining function of H-Y (which was then a leading candidate for TDF, testis-determining factor). However, it was later shown that TDF and H-Y antigen map to different parts of the Y chromosome with TDF being absent and H-Y antigen being present in XY females with Y short arm deletions (Simpson et al., 1987). See 278850. It appeared that 46,XY women had premature ovarian involution, with resulting 'streak gonads.' Families such as that of Barr et al. (1967) described above may indicate that the mutation is 'leaky.' The pedigree pattern was equally consistent with X-linked recessive or autosomal dominant inheritance. Indeed, Allard et al. (1972) observed transmission through a normal male, arguing for autosomal inheritance.

Nazareth et al. (1979) found H-Y positivity in a sporadic case occurring in an offspring of first-cousin parents. They favored recessive inheritance; see 233420.

CYTOGENETICS

De Arce et al. (1992) contributed further support of this hypothesis by demonstrating lack of gonadoblastoma in a 14-year-old girl who was a mosaic for 45X/46X-isodicentric Y. The anomalous Y chromosome showed no fluorescent distal Yq. In another patient, an 8-year-old girl with 45X/46XY karyotype, bilateral gonadoblastoma developed in her rudimentary ovaries at the age of 8. Her normal Y chromosome showed the characteristic distal fluorescence seen in her father's Y chromosome. Using Y chromosome probes, De Arce et al. (1992) demonstrated the Y chromosome in the paraffin blocks of the ovarian tissue of both girls.

Wachtel (1979) and Wachtel et al. (1980) suggested the existence of 4 'causes' of XY gonadal dysgenesis: (1) mutational suppression of H-Y structural genes by regulatory elements of the X chromosome or failure of an X-linked structural gene (in association with H-Y negative somatic cell phenotype); (2) failure of H-Y antigen to engage its gonadal receptor (in association with the H-Y positive somatic cell phenotype); (3) loss of the critical moiety of H-Y genes in deleted or translocated Y chromosome (in association with H-Y negative or intermediate somatic cell phenotype); and (4) presence of XY-XO mosaicism.

(Small deletions in the short arm of the Y chromosome can result in 46,XY females (Disteche et al., 1986). The 2 patients reported by Disteche et al. (1986) had some signs of Turner syndrome, including congenital lymphedema and primary amenorrhea with streak gonads, but were of normal height. One of the patients had bilateral gonadoblastoma. Several Y-chromosome-specific DNA probes were found to be deleted in the 2 patients. DNA analysis showed that the 2 deletions were different, but included a common overlapping region likely to contain the testis-determining factor (TDF) gene.)

Bernstein et al. (1980) observed an abnormal band on Xp in a 46,XY female and her 46,XY female fetal sib. Despite the presence of an intact Y chromosome, neither had testicular differentiation and both were H-Y negative. Giemsa banding suggested duplication of p21 and p22. The maternal grandmother, mother and a younger sister, all phenotypically normal, had a karyotype 46,XXp+. The proband had profound psychomotor retardation, and both sibs had multiple congenital malformations. (The second sib was ascertained by amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis followed by elective abortion.) Multiple congenital anomalies in the proband included ventricular septal defect, cleft palate, asymmetric skull and facies, prognathic jaw, low-set ears, and clinodactyly V. When the girl died at 5 year of age, postmortem studies showed hypoplastic uterus and fallopian tubes. Histologic examination of the uterine adnexa revealed an area of ovarian stroma with scattered degenerative follicles. There was no testicular morphology, and the external genitalia were those of a normal 5-year-old female. The second affected sib, the product of a pregnancy terminated at 20 weeks, showed ovaries containing numerous follicles and germ cells. As in the proband, there was no evidence of testicular morphology. Wachtel (1998) referred to other cases of XY sex reversal in subjects with Xp duplication and chromosomal abnormalities resembling those in the family reported by Bernstein et al. (1980). This suggested occurrence of a gene on Xp, duplication of which can block development of the testis in an XY fetus. The gonads begin to develop as ovaries, but in the absence of the second X chromosome, the germ cells die, the follicles become atretic, and the ovaries degenerate.

Cytogenetic duplication of the X chromosome in males is a rare event usually characterized by a significant degree of phenotypic abnormality, which can include sex reversal despite an apparently normal Y chromosome. Arn et al. (1994) reported 2 half brothers with maternally inherited cytogenetic duplications of Xp and sex reversal; the absence of dysmorphic features in mother and children was thought to be because of the relatively small extent of the duplication. Comparison with previous reports allowed the putative sex reversing locus (SRVX) to be assigned to a 5- to 10-Mb segment between Xp22.11 and Xp21.2, which includes the DMD locus. The regional assignment may help in the isolation of SRVX mutations that may cause sex reversal in the 90% of sex-reversed women with XY gonadal dysgenesis who do not have detectable mutations of the SRY gene.

MAPPING

Mapping studies by hybridization to DNA from somatic cell hybrids containing various fragments of the X chromosome suggested that the sequence on the X chromosome maps to region Xp22.3-p21 (Page et al., 1987). Arn et al. (1994) mapped the SRVX gene to a 5- to 10-Mb segment between Xp22.11 and Xp21.2, which includes the DMD locus.

MOLECULAR GENETICS

Page et al. (1987) cloned a 230-kb segment of the human Y chromosome thought to contain some or all of the TDF gene. The cloned region spanned the deletion in a female who carried all but 160 kb of the Y. Homologous sequences were found within the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome.

Jager et al. (1990) demonstrated a mutation in SRY in 1 out of 12 sex-reversed XY females with gonadal dysgenesis who had no large deletions of the short arm of the Y chromosome. They found a 4-nucleotide deletion in the part of the SRY gene that encodes a conserved DNA-binding motif. A frameshift presumably led to a nonfunctional protein. Mutation occurred de novo, because the father had a normal SRY sequence. This is strong evidence that SRY is TDF. The de novo G-to-A mutation led to a change from methionine to isoleucine at a residue that lies within the putative DNA-binding motif of SRY and is identical in all SRY and SRY-related genes. (TDF and SRY are written Tdy and Sry in the mouse.)

HETEROGENEITY

Vilain et al. (1992) described a family in which all 5 XY individuals in 2 generations had a single basepair substitution resulting in an amino acid change in the conserved domain of the SRY open reading frame (480000.0004). A G-to-C change at nucleotide 588 resulted in substitution of leucine for valine. Three of the individuals were XY sex-reversed females and 2 were XY males. One of the males had 8 children; all were phenotypic females, 2 of whom were sex-reversed XY females carrying the mutation mentioned. Several models were proposed to explain association between a sequence variant in SRY and 2 alternative sex phenotypes. These included the existence of alleles at an unlinked locus.

McElreavey et al. (1992) described an XY sex-reversed female with pure gonadal dysgenesis who harbored a de novo nonsense mutation in SRY, which resulted directly in the formation of a stop codon in the putative DNA-binding motif. A C-to-T transition at nucleotide 687 changed a glutamine codon (CAG) to a termination codon (TAG); see 480000.0005. The patient, referred to as the 'propositus,' was a phenotypic female who presented at age 20 years for primary amenorrhea. Treatment with estrogen induced menstruation and slight enlargement of the breasts which were underdeveloped. Laparotomy showed 2 streak gonads without germ cells or remnants of tubes.

Harley et al. (1992) found point mutations in the region of the SRY gene encoding the high mobility group (HMG) box in 5 XY females. (The HMG box is related to that present in the T-cell-specific, DNA binding protein TCF-1 (142410).) In 4 cases, the binding activity of mutant SRY protein for the AACAAAG core sequence was negligible; in the fifth case, DNA binding was reduced. In the SRY gene in a 46,XY female, Muller et al. (1992) demonstrated an A-to-T transversion of nucleotide 684 in the open reading frame, resulting in a change of lysine (AAG) to a stop codon (UAG). The patient had gonadoblastoma.

PATHOGENESIS

Page et al. (1987) advanced several hypotheses to explain the existence of the X-linked locus. One hypothesis was inconsistent with the prevailing notion of a dominantly acting sex-determining factor unique to the Y chromosome and suggested that the X and Y loci are functionally interchangeable, that both are testis determining, and that the X locus is subject to X-chromosome inactivation. According to this model, sex is determined by the total number of expressed X and Y loci: a single dose is female determining, while a double (or greater) dose is male determining. The addition of an X-derived transgene to the genome of an XX embryo should result in testis differentiation, as long as that transgene is not subject to X inactivation. Increased expression of the X-chromosomal locus could explain the presence of testicular tissue in XX hermaphrodites and the rare Y-negative XX males, who lack the TDF locus of the Y chromosome. Although some XY females lack TDF as judged by Y-DNA analysis, others do not have discernible deletions. These unexplained XY females may have point mutations in TDF or in genes that function in conjunction with or downstream of TDF. The model mentioned above suggests that mutation in the X-chromosomal locus (at Xp22.3-p21) could cause XY embryos to develop as females.

However, Berta et al. (1990) and Jager et al. (1990) presented compelling evidence that the mutation in one type of XY female gonadal dysgenesis is not on the X but on the Y chromosome. In the human sex-determining region in a 35-kb interval near the pseudoautosomal boundary of the Y chromosome, there is a candidate gene for testis-determining factor, termed SRY ('sex-reversed, Y,' from mouse terminology), which is conserved and specific to the Y chromosome in all mammals tested (Sinclair et al., 1990); see 480000. (Cherfas (1991) stated that SRY stands for 'sex-determining region Y.' This is a nice presumption and perhaps in its present usage should be so considered, but it does not indicate the true historical derivation.)

CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

Moreira-Filho et al. (1979) suggested that the H-Y antigen status in the Swyer syndrome may be a useful indicator of whether removal of the gonads is necessary to avoid malignancy.

SEE ALSO

Boczkowski (1976); Ghosh et al. (1978); Herbst et al. (1978); Judd et al. (1970); Koopman et al. (1991); Koopman et al. (1990); Mann et al. (1983); Wolf et al. (1980)

REFERENCES

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PubMed ID : 5013462

2. Arn, P.; Chen, H.; Tuck-Muller, C. M.; Mankinen, C.; Wachtel, G.; Li, S.; Shen, C. C.; Wachtel, S. S. :
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3. Baron, J.; Rucki, T.; Simm, S. :
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Abnormalities of the X-chromosome in 46,XY female sibs with ovaries. Science 207: 768-769, 1980.
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15. Frasier, S. D.; Bashore, R. A.; Mosier, H. D. :
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17. Ghosh, S. N.; Shah, P. M.; Gharpure, H. M. :
Absence of H-Y antigen in XY females with dysgenetic gonads. Nature 276: 180-181, 1978.
PubMed ID : 740033

18. Harley, V. R.; Jackson, D. I.; Hextall, P. J.; Hawkins, J. R.; Berkovitz, G. D.; Sockanathan, S.; Lovell-Badge, R.; Goodfellow, P. N. :
DNA binding activity of recombinant SRY from normal males and XY females. Science 255: 453-456, 1992.
PubMed ID : 1734522

19. Herbst, E. W.; Fredga, K.; Frank, F.; Winking, H.; Gropp, A. :
Cytological identification of two X-chromosome types in the wood lemming (Myopus schisticolor). Chromosoma 69: 185-191, 1978.

20. Jager, R. J.; Anvret, M.; Hall, K.; Scherer, G. :
A human XY female with a frame shift mutation in the candidate testis-determining gene SRY. Nature 348: 452-454, 1990.
PubMed ID : 2247151

21. Judd, H. L.; Scully, R. E.; Atkins, L.; Neer, R. M.; Kliman, B. :
Pure gonadal dysgenesis with progressive hirsutism: demonstration of testosterone production by gonadal streaks. New Eng. J. Med. 282: 881-885, 1970.
PubMed ID : 4314043

22. Koopman, P.; Gubbay, J.; Vivian, N.; Goodfellow, P.; Lovell-Badge, R. :
Male development of chromosomally female mice transgenic for Sry. Nature 351: 117-121, 1991.
PubMed ID : 2030730

23. Koopman, P.; Munsterberg, A.; Capel, B.; Vivian, N.; Lovell-Badge, R. :
Expression of a candidate sex-determining gene during mouse testis differentiation. Nature 348: 450-452, 1990.
PubMed ID : 2247150

24. Lukusa, T.; Fryns, J. P.; van den Berghe, H. :
Gonadoblastoma and Y chromosome fluorescence. Clin. Genet. 29: 311-316, 1986.
PubMed ID : 3720008

25. Mann, J. R.; Corkery, J. J.; Fisher, H. J. W.; Cameron, A. H.; Mayerova, A.; Wolf, U.; Kennaugh, A. A.; Woolley, V. :
The X-linked recessive form of XY gonadal dysgenesis with a high incidence of gonadal germ cell tumours: clinical and genetic studies. J. Med. Genet. 20: 264-270, 1983.
PubMed ID : 6620326

26. McElreavey, K. D.; Vilain, E.; Boucekkine, C.; Vidaud, M.; Jaubert, F.; Richaud, F.; Fellous, M. :
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quote:

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Originally posted by Xy:

[quote]The concrete thinker's brain [Mobile Dick]

Dem think its the end but its just the begining. You will be able to see yourself clearly in an evaluation tool in the future.

Profile:

Moby Dick, speaks for 'itself' but since she presents as a woman with a Dick then you know what that means-strap on version.Xy has spoken.

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quote:

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Originally posted by poisondart:
Hehehehehehehehe...whoeeeeee, could not have said it better Xy.

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***RBZ forum psuedo (Xy) proposed a universal concepts of reasoning that spans the alphabet from A-Z (as in the algebraic/logic concept of X(x)Y(y) variable) and possess the universal numeric application that spans the infinity of numbers. My use of this tool represents a methodology of reasoning logic as established by noted scientist (see below) and use same here in discussion to encourage abstract critical thinking, with the end being the dropping of the ‘motto theory’ an abstraction translated into numbers.

Quotes:

“520 BC: Irrational Numbers. Pythagorus thought whole numbers and
fractions were basis of universe. These are rational numbers
(expressed as ratios).

350 BC: Logic (greek for "word"). Aristotle. Book "Organon" developed
logic in great detail, describing the art of reasoning from premise to
necessary conclusion, demonstrating how to establish the validity of a
line of thought.

1637: Analytic Geometry. Descartes combined algebra and
geometry. Draw two perpendicular lines, mark intersection as 0 and
mark off units on each line, positive up and right, negative left and
down. Every point in plane represented by two numbers. Can add third
axis for every point in the universe. Can now define equations by
f(x,y)=0 for any curve. This allows geometric problems to be solved
algebraically, and algebraic problems to be illustrated geometrically…

Pythagoras believed that all relations could be reduced to number relations.
The Pythagorean ... having been brought up in the study of mathematics, thought that things are numbers ... and that the whole cosmos is a scale and a number”

***Mr. Bluesuitt!!! Why don’t you try and reduce the ‘motto’ to a numbers paradigm and dispute my theory based on logics? Otherwise you are Mr. ‘Blue****t’!!!

“This generalization stemmed from Pythagoras's observations in music, mathematics and astronomy. Pythagoras noticed that vibrating strings produce harmonious tones when the ratios of the lengths of the strings are whole numbers, and that these ratios could be extended to other instruments. In fact Pythagoras made remarkable contributions to the mathematical theory of music”.

***Independent variable (X)and Dependent variable (Y)

Dependent variable (Y) which is said to be dependent upon X, the independent variable. This is use to classify two or more group of people or ideas/concepts and show some form or methodological relationship. The XY relates to the number line in graphing, all yaad man know this concept, however it gets complicated when we logically progress to show the 'slope' and the relationship between the two variables. In essence this is a massive concepts that can be applied theoretically to everything in the world, period. Pretty big isn’t it. Farmer George made this connection by knowing when to plant yam (y) and when rain will give them nourishment (x). See Farmer George was/is a scientist even though him speak fluent patwa.

Now imagine for a minutes someone (Moby-Dick) that thinks they understand this concept, presents a narrow interpretation of this methodology and presents this as some form of Human Genome XY man/woman chromosome argument and try and associate this with the above all encompassing universal concept.

Why would someone pursue this line of thought. I have a summation and its rooted in science by renowned scientists such Piaget and Freud. Pay attention MobyDick, as you unknowingly exposed your diagnosis in full view. Look at the comments made by RaeTownMan
X=moby,Y=Dick “XY+MOBY=DICK,xy maybe moby is a dick”. Yes she told us so, and a woman with a Dick = XY Chromosome abnormality.

There is truth to this statement and it’s supported by science. I provide the various references at the end of my post so you can read and seek help for your abnormality at your leisure, Moby-D.

Quote:

Here is what the experts say:

“Navon's idea about prototypicality effects on mirror vision implies that individuals "read" the world through 'their knowledge'. (MobyDick) This "reading phenomenon" is a basic foundation of cognitive psychology, one of whose primary interests is to discover how knowledge guides information processing.
In this field, Piaget's concept of assimilation (e.g. Piaget, 1936) describes information extraction and processing. According to Piaget, information passes through existing structures or schemes, and through this process 'adaptive behavior' is associated to 'inputs'-Xy input stimulation-. Navon's view of left-right reversal perception involves 'stored perceptual information'. It is the case that Navon sees reversal as being perceptually 'embodied' . In his framework, the nature of the information processing involved in the perception of mirror reversal on the plane parallel to its surface is, in the end, nothing more than an assimilating activity of vision. Indeed, visual information is processed quite directly, passing through a kind of frame of reference”-What you actually are MobyDick, that why you gravitated to this narrow interpretation-.

In his studies on development, Piaget explains that perceptual schemes allow the 'perceiver to assimilate only a part of the information available in the environment'-Now is'nt it clear-. In other words, what individuals take into account depends on the nature of the schemes that provide 'usable information'. In Navon's view of mirror vision, what the perceptual system deals with depends on the 'perceptual background' stored in each of us. Hence, a percept is directly associated to what the individual knows about her Moby's 'environment' (i.e. frontal encounters. Interactions between stored and incoming information have now received some empirical validation and have some 'biological plausibility'. Acquired knowledge is known to be compelling for visual perception, namely, for image reversal”.

***Could not be any clearer Moby, that’s why you chose the psuedo Moby Dick, you unknowingly self diagnosed MobyDick the Educator from Canada.

XY chromosome, at no time did I indicate that I represented any chromosome, but due to your innate tendencies (frame of reference) you could not resist the urge of latching onto what you know: yaad man sey bird of a feather ‘stuck’ together, dats you ‘Dick’ and your chromosome twin ‘Moby’, your psuedo tells all.

Anyway, thanks for being my teaching guinea pigs, for others careful who yu nyam after. How many ways can one interpret Moby Dick compared to an XY universal all encompassing concept. Clear as crystal.

***I just had to deviate from my absentee plan because this was such a clear teaching example. Next time, if I receive enough samples I will present findings from my quasi-simulation research.

Happy reading. Trying to reduce big man reasoning to almshouse, ah hope yu learn fe go get help fe yu situation.

REFERENCES
(Piaget), Construction of Reality

Harnad, S. (1987). Categorical Perception. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Navon, D. (2001). The puzzle of mirror reversal: A view from clockland. Psycoloquy 12 (017).http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/psyc-bin/newpsy?12.017

Navon, David (2001) The Puzzle of Mirror Reversal: a View from Clockland, Psycoloquy: 12,#17 Mirror Reversal (1)

FitzPatrick, P. J. (1960), "Leading British Statisticians of the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 55, 38-70.

Ghiselli, E. E. (1981), Measurement Theory for the Behavioral Sciences, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Goldstein, M. D., and Strube, M. J. (1995), "Understanding Correlations: Two Computer Exercises," Teaching of Psychology, 22, 205-206.

Pearson, E. S. (1938), Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis (2nd ed.), Belmont, CA: Duxbury.

Four (4) days and counting, caan find a come back. Come forward and expose yuself again nuh Moby, quit weeping and bawling. All de guinea pigs dem abandon yu. Dem fraid a de bird of a feather tingy...

1,2,3,4,5,.....counting, tick, tock de Moby run up de clock, de Moby ran dowm with all her clowns........

I have to admit everytime I se yu name: 'mobydick', I have to laff, just from your name alone, keep posting...

HEHEHEHEHEEEEEE!!!!!!

quote:

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Originally posted by Xy:
'Little' MoDeek has lost her sheep and dont know where to find them, leave her alone and she will come home while weeping with her guinea pigs in tow.

Four (4) days and counting, caan find a come back. Come forward and expose yuself again nuh Moby, quit weeping and bawling. All de guinea pigs dem abandon yu. Dem fraid a de bird of a feather tingy...

1,2,3,4,5,.....counting, tick, tock de Moby run up de clock, de Moby ran dowm with all her clowns........

I have to admit everytime I se yu name: 'mobydick', I have to laff, just from your name alone, keep posting...

HEHEHEHEHEEEEEE!!!!!!

Dartist yu think de s/he 'Mobile One' still a try work out de equation wey yu give de s/he, Educator fom Canada?

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I guess suh. Then again, him nuh claim seh him brighter than every bady roun' yah. A him one go a school.

A only elementary school mi go. I can seh one thing though, Mi nuh have no time fe show off, mi know weh mi know. Kiss teat.